End of EmpireMiniseriesSeason 1 · 1985 · 14 episodesEpisodes1The Beginning of the EndThe fall of Singapore in 1942, and an examination of how the British Empire -- the largest in the history of the world -- had survived to that point.2India: Engine of WarIn 1939 Lord Linlithgow the Viceroy, declared India at war with Germany without consulting one Indian, and Winston Churchill expected India to provide soldiers without any reward. As a result, clashes began which lead to the partition of the subcontinent.3India: The Muslim CardAt Independence, Britain's achievement of bringing unity to India was destroyed, mainly due to Winston Churchill and the leader of India's 100 million Muslims, Muhammad Ali Jinnah.4India: Divide and QuitBy early 1947, British soldiers and officials could no longer control India. Their numbers had fallen and a frenzy of murder was spreading through the subcontinent. PM Attlee appointed Lord Louis Mountbatten to be Britain's last Viceroy. His job was to bully the Indian leaders into agreeing on arrangements for the succession and to ensure that Britain retreated with dignity. The murders in the Punjab -- estimates of those killed vary between 250,000 and a million -- became a terrible blot on the British withdrawal.5MalayaThe British Army and Chinese Communists fought side-by-side against Japanese forces in the Malayan jungle in the 1940s. The Communists' leader, Chin Peng, was awarded the OBE by the grateful British Government. But the military alliance fell apart after Britain regained control in 1945.6PalestineIn promising the Jewish people a home in a country which belonged to Arabs, the British were embarking on a policy which led to hatred and bloodshed. Britain's undignified departure left the Palestinian people dispossessed and an imposed Jewish state to fight for its life.7IranIn 1953 the British exercised imperialist muscle and toppled Iranian PM Mohammad Mosaddegh -- who had freed his country from foreign domination (particularly the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company) -- to restore the Shah to power.8EgyptEgypt was formally part of the empire from 1914 to 1922, but the Suez Canal zone remained central to imperial defence and trade for decades afterwards. The British invasion of Suez in November 1956 is generally accepted as a major turning point for the empire.9AdenBritain thought it could hang on to Aden after giving independence to all its principal colonies in Asia and Africa. But the Egyptian-inspired Arabs proved fierce opponents, and the British made a hurried escape by helicopter.10CyprusLeading Cypriots petitioned twice to join Greece in a dominant Greek political state -- in 1830 upon the creation of the Kingdom of Greece and in 1878 when Britain took control of Cyprus. So when Archbishop Makarios forced the issue decades later, imperial officials did not recognize it as a revolutionary movement.11The Gold CoastRiots in Accra and other Gold Coast towns in 1948 tested Britain's post-India strategy of power sharing, moderate leaders, and voluntary concessions. Rather than exert firm repression, the Labour government sent a committee of inquiry which recommended self-government.12KenyaMau Mau -- depraved barbarians to the British, desperate nationalists in their own eyes -- waged a bloody and brutal rising. The trial and imprisonment of their "manager" Jomo Kenyatta led to even more bloodshed.13The Rider and the HorseIn 1953 Britain launched a huge new state in Africa made up of the present Zambia, Zimbabwe, and Malawi. Its ideal was peaceful cooperation between black and white. It lasted only 10 years, and its collapse helped bring down PM Harold Macmillan.14RhodesiaIn a 15-year rebellion, white Rhodesians seized independence illegally and held it in the face of world opposition until weakened by African military force. Then, in a diplomatic coup, Lords Carrington and Soames bluffed them into peacefully transferring power to Robert Mugabe.
